t is also obvious that, if substances are in a sense numbers, they are so in this sense and not, as some say, as numbers of units. For a definition is a sort of number; for (1) it is divisible, and into indivisible parts (for definitory formulae are not infinite), and number also is of this nature. And (2) as, when one of the parts of which a number consists has been taken from or added to the number, it is no longer the same number, but a different one, even if it is the very smallest part that has been taken away or added, so the definition and the essence will no longer remain when anything has been taken away or added. And (3) the number must be something in virtue of which it is one, and this these thinkers cannot state,CG Menn Hybridge Lite Jakke Norge Salg, what makes it one,PJS Herreklær Gobi Dunjakker Norge Salg, if it is one (for either it is not one but a sort of heap,CG Menn Macmillan Parka, or if it is, we ought to say what it is that makes one out of many); and the definition is one, but similarly they cannot say what makes it one. And this is a natural result; for the same reason is applicable,EA Guingamp Pas Cher, and substance is one in the sense which we have explained,Belstaff Coral Vent Kurtki, and not, as some say, by being a sort of unit or point; each is a complete reality and a definite nature. And (4) as number does not admit of the more and the less,Canada Goose Citadel Parka, neither does substance, in the sense of form,Kurtki Belstaff, but if any substance does, it is only the substance which involves matter. Let this, then, suffice for an account of the generation and destruction of so-called substances in what sense it is possible and in what sense impossible — and of the reduction of things to number.
Book VIII Chapter 4
Regarding material substance we must not forget that even if all things come from the same first cause or have the same things for their first causes, and if the same matter serves as starting-point for their generation, yet there is a matter proper to each, e.g. for phlegm the sweet or the fat, and for bile the bitter, or something else; though perhaps these come from the same original matter. And there come to be several matters for the same thing, when the one matter is matter for the other; e.g. phlegm comes from the fat and from the sweet, if the fat comes from the sweet; and it comes from bile by analysis of the bile into its ultimate matter. For one thing comes from another in two senses,Canada Goose Lodge Down Hoody Jackor, either because it will be found at a later stage, or because it is produced if the other is analysed into its original constituents. When the matter is one, different things may be produced owing to difference in the moving cause; e.g. from wood may be made both a chest and a bed. But some different things must have their matter different; e.g. a saw could not be made of wood, nor is this in the power of the moving cause; for it could not make a saw of wool or of wood. But if,Belstaff Gangster Mit Kurtki, as a matter of fact,Maillot Janssen Pas Cher, the same thing can be made of different material, clearly the art, i.e. the moving principle,Luna Yd, is the same; for if both the matter and the moving cause were different,Canada Goose Barn Norge Salg, the product would be so too.
When one inquires into the cause of something, one should, since ‘cause
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